Evidence-Based Research

Muscle anatomy/physiology

• MS – Reynolds et al 2015
• SCI – Griffin et al 2019, Field-Fote 2001
• CP – Johnston and Wainwright 2011

Glucose/insulin metobolism

• SCI – Griffin et al 2009, Jeon et al 2002

Cardiorespiratory function

• SCI – Ptasinski 2013, Ptasinski 2010, Kahn et al 2010
• CVA – Lee et el 2013

Quality of life/Self-perception

• SCI – Sharif 2014, Dolbow, Gorgey, Ketchum and Gater 2013
• CP – Johnston and Wainwright 2011

Seated Pressure

• SCI – Dolbow, Gorgey, Dolbow and Gater 2013

Mobility/motor measures

• CVA – Bauer et al 2015, Lee et al 2013, Daly et al 2011, Ambrosini el al 2011, Alon et al 2010
• SCI – Sharif 2014, Griffin et al 2009, Hesse et al 2004, Field-Fote 2001
• CP – Johnston and Wainwright 2011, Trevisi et al 2011

Spasticity

• CVA – Lo et al 2012, Yeh et al 2010
• MS – Szecsi et al 2009, Krause et al 2007
• SCI – Krause et al 2008

Sensory or cognitive function

• SCI – Griffin et al 2009

Arm/hand function

• SCI – Ptasinski et al 2013

Muscle anatomy/physiology

• MS – Ratchford et al 2010
• SCI – Sadowsky et al 2013, Dolbow et al 2012, Johnston et al 2011

Glucose/insulin metobolism

• SCI – Mohr et al 2001

Bone structure

• SCI – Hammond, Metcalf, McDonald and Sadowsky 2014, Dolbow, Dolbow, Gorgey, Adler and Gater 2013, Castello et al 2012, Frotzler 2008

Quality of life/self perception

• SCI – Sadowsky et al 2013, Dolbow et al 2012, Castello et al 2012

Mobility/motor measures

• SCI – Sadowsky et al 2012
• MS – Hammond, Recio, Sadowsky and Becker 2014, Ratchford et al 2010

Spasticity

• SCI – Sadowsky et al 2013

Sensory or cognitive function

• SCI – Hammond, Recio, Sadowsky and Becker 2014
• MS – Sadowsky et al 2013

i. Short term is 1 session to 12 weeks
ii. Long term is more than 3 months

Cardiovascular

• Pneumonia
• Hypertension
• Heart disease

• Effect of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation pulsed isometric contractions on arm cycling peak oxygen uptake in spinal cord injured individuals, Brurok B, Tørhaug T, Karlsen T, Leivseth G, Helgerud J, Hoff J., J Rehabil Med, 2013
• Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise, Fornusek, C; Gwinn, TH; Heard, R, Spinal Cord, 2014
• Passive leg movements and passive cycling do not alter arterial leg blood flow in subjects with spinal cord injury. Ter Woerds W; De Groot P.C.; van Kuppevelt D.H.; Hopman M.T., Phys Ther, 2006
• Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training, Hopman M.T.; Groothuis J.T.; Flendrie M.; Gerrits K.H.Houtman S. J Appl Physiol, 2002

Circulation

• Pressure sore/wound
• Urinary tract infection
• Sepsis

1. Lower-Extremity Functional Electrical Stimulation Decreases Platelet Aggregation and Blood Coagulation in Persons With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study, Kahn, N.; Feldman, S.; Bauman, W., J of Spinal Cord Med, 2010
2. Passive leg movements and passive cycling do not alter arterial leg blood flow in subjects with spinal cord injury. Ter Woerds W; De Groot P.C.; van Kuppevelt D.H.; Hopman M.T., Phys Ther, 2006
3. Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training, Hopman M.T.; Groothuis J.T.; Flendrie M.; Gerrits K.H.Houtman S. J Appl Physiol, 2002

Quality of life

• Independence
• Activities of daily living

1. Home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling enhances quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury., Dolbow DR; Gorgey AS; Ketchum JM; Gater DR, Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 2013

Neurological

1. Spasticity
   1. The effect of functional electrical stimulation cycling on late functional improvement in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. E Yaşar, B Yılmaz, S Göktepe and S Kesikburun. Spinal Cord, 2015.

Metobolic

• Weight gain
• Diabetes
• Muscle atrophy

1. The effects of assisted ergometer training with a functional electrical stimulation on exercise capacity and functional ability in subacute stroke patients.Lee SY; Kang SY; Im SH; Kim BR; Kim SM; Yoon HM; Han EY, Ann Rehabil Med, 2013
2. Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury, Griffin L.; Decker M.J.; Hwang J.Y.; Wang B.; Kitchen K.; Ding Z.Ivy J.L., J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2009

Psychological

• Depression

1. Home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling enhances quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury., Dolbow DR; Gorgey AS; Ketchum JM; Gater DR, Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 2013

Bone density

• Bone fracture

1. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury Frotzler A.; Coupaud S.; Perret C.; Kakebeeke T.H.; Hunt K.J.; Donaldson Nde N.Eser P., Bone Journal, 2008
2. Bone Loss and Muscle Atrophy in Spinal Cord Injury: Epidemiology, Fracture Prediction, and Rehabilitation Strategies, Giangregorio L, McCartney N., J Spinal Cord Med, 2006
3. RE: Dr. Oleson; Osteoporosis Rehabilitation: A practical approach to learn more about how Estim and FES function as part of the overall plan of care to preserve bone density.